EC 7th sem EC-701 Optical communication Syllabus RGTU/RGPV 7th semester Syllabus

RGTU/RGPV EC-701 Optical communication Syllabus

RGTU/RGPV Optical communication SYLLABUS

Electronics and Communication Engineering EC 7th Semester Syllabus

EC-701 Optical communication Course Content:

Unit-I
Overview of Optical Fiber Communications (OFC): Motivation, optical spectral bands, key elements of optical fiber systems.
Optical fibers: basic optical laws and definitions, optical fiber modes and configurations, mode theory for circular waveguides, singlemode fibers, graded-index fiber structure, fiber materials, photonic crystal fibers, fiber fabrication, fiber optic cables.

Unit-II
Optical sources: Light emitting diodes (LEDs): structures, materials, quantum efficiency, LED power, modulation of an LED. Laser
diodes: modes, threshold conditions, laser diode rate equations, external quantum efficiency, resonant frequencies, structure and radiation patterns, single mode lasers, modulation of laser diodes.
Power launching and coupling: source to fiber power launching, fiber to fiber joints, LED coupling to single mode fibers, fiber splicing, optical fiber connectors.

Unit-III
Photodetectors: pin photodetector, avalanche photodiodes, photodetector noise, detector response time, avalanche multiplication noise.
Signal degradation in optical fibers: Attenuation: units, absorption, scattering losses, bending losses, core and cladding losses.
Signal distortion in fibers: overview of distortion origins, modal delay, factors contributing to delay, group delay, material dispersion, waveguide dispersion, polarization-mode dispersion. Characteristics of single mode fibers: refractive index profiles, cutoff wavelength, dispersion calculations, mode field diameter, bending loss calculation. Specialty fibers.

Unit-IV
Optical receivers: fundamental receiver operation, digital receiver performance, eye diagrams, coherent detection: homodyne and heterodyne, burst mode receiver, analog receivers.
Digital links: point to point links, link power budget, rise time budget, power penalties.
Analog links: overview of analog links, carrier to noise ratio, multichannel transmission techniques.

Unit-V
Optical technologies
Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) concepts: operational principles of WDM, passive optical star coupler, isolators,
circulators, Active optical components: MEMS technology, variable optical attenuators, tunable optical filters, dynamic gain equalizers, polarization controller, chromatic dispersion compensators.
Optical amplifiers: basic applications and types of optical amplifiers, 

Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFA): amplification mechanism, architecture, power conversion efficiency and gain. Amplifier noise, optical SNR, system applications.
Performance Measurement and monitoring: measurement standards, basic test equipment, optical power measurements, optical fiber characterization, eye diagram tests, optical time-domain reflectometer, optical performance monitoring.

References:
1. G. Keiser: Optical Fiber Communications, 4th Edition, TMH New Delhi.
2. J. M. Senior: Optical Fiber Communication- Principles and Practices, 2nd Edition, Pearson Education.
3. G. P. Agarwal: Fiber Optic Communication Systems, 3rd Edition, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.
4. J. C. Palais: Fiber Optics Communications,5th Edition, Pearson Education.
5. R.P. Khare: Fiber Optics and Optoelectronics, Oxford University Press.
6. A. Ghatak and K. Thyagrajan: Fiber Optics and Lasers, Macmillan India Ltd.
7. S. C. Gupta: Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, PHI Learning.
8. Sterling: Introduction to Fiber Optics, Cengage Learning. w.e.f academic session July 2010 Page 4 of 22

List of Experiments:
1. Launching of light into the optical fiber and calculate the numerical aperture and V-number.
2. Observing Holograms and their study.
3. Optic version Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
4. Measurement of attenuation loss in an optical fiber.
5. Diffraction using gratings.
6. Construction of Michelson interferometer.
7. Setting up a fiber optic analog link and study of PAM.
8. Setting up a fiber optic digital link and study of TDM and Manchester coding.
9. Measurement of various misalignment losses in an optical fiber.

EC 7th sem EC-702 Antenna and Wave Propagation Syllabus RGTU/RGPV 7th semester Syllabus

RGTU/RGPV  EC-702 Antenna and Wave Propagation Syllabus

RGTU/RGPV Antenna and Wave Propagation SYLLABUS

Electronics and Communication Engineering EC 7th Semester Syllabus

 EC-702 Antenna and Wave PropagationCourse Content:

Unit I
Introduction to antenna: antenna terminology, radiation, retarded potential, radiation field from current element, radiation resistance of short dipole and half wave dipole antenna, network theorems applied to antenna, self and mutual impedance of antenna, effect of earth on vertical pattern and image antenna.

Unit II
Antenna arrays: of point sources, two element array, end fire and broad side arrays, uniform linear  arrays of n-elements, linear arrays with non-uniform amplitude distribution (binomial distribution and Chebyshev optimum distribution), arrays of two-driven half wave length elements (broad side and end fire case), principle of pattern multiplication.

Unit III
Types of antennas: Babinet’s principles and complementary antenna, horn antenna, parabolic reflector antenna, slot antenna,log periodic antenna, loop antenna, helical antenna, biconical antenna, folded dipole antenna, Yagi-Uda antenna, lens antenna, turnstile antenna. Long wire antenna: resonant and travelling wave antennas for different wave lengths, V-antenna, rhombic antenna, beverage antenna, microstrip antenna.

Unit IV
Antenna array synthesis: introduction, continuous sources, methods-Schelknoff polynomial method, Fourier transform method, Woodward- Lawson method, Taylor’s method, Laplace transform method, Dolph- Chebychev method, triangular, cosine and cosine squared amplitude distribution, line source, phase distribution, continuous aperture sources.

Unit V
Propagation of radio wave: structure of troposphere, stratosphere and ionosphere, modes of  propagation, ground wave propagation, duct propagation. Sky wave propagation: Mechanism of Radio Wave Bending by Ionosphere, critical angle and critical frequency, virtual height, skip distance and LUF, MUF. Single hop and multiple hop transmission, influence of earths magnetic field on radio  wave propagation, Fading Space Wave Propagation: LOS, effective earth’s radius, field strength of space or tropospheric propagation.

References:
1. J. D. Krauss: Antennas;for all applications, TMH.
2. R. E. Collin, Antennas and Wave Propagation, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.
3. C. A. Balanis: Antenna Theory Analysis and Design, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.
4. Jordan and Balmain: Electromagnetic Fields and Radiating System, PHI.
5. A. R. Harish and M. Sachidananda: Antennas and wave propagation, Oxford University Press.
6. K. D. Prasad: Antennas and Wave Propagation, Satya Prakashan.
7. B. L. Smith: Mordern Anteenas, 2nd Edition, Springer, Macmillan India Ltd.

List of Experiments:
Following illustrative practical should be simulated with the help of any RF simulation software e.g. FEKO / HFSS / IE3D / Microwave Office / Microwave Studio or any other similar software:-
1. To Plot the Radiation Pattern of an Omni Directional Antenna.
2. To Plot the Radiation Pattern of a Directional Antenna.
3. To Plot the Radiation Pattern of a Parabolic Reflector Antenna.
4. To Plot the Radiation Pattern of a Log Periodic Antenna.
5. To Plot the Radiation Pattern of a Patch Antenna.
6. To Plot the Radiation Pattern of a Dipole/ Folded Dipole Antenna.
7. To Plot the Radiation Pattern of a Yagi (3-EL/4EL) Antenna.
8. To Plot the Radiation Pattern of a Monopole/ WHIP/ Collinear Antenna.
9. To Plot the Radiation Pattern of a Broad site Antenna.
10. To Plot the Radiation Pattern of a Square Loop Antenna.

EC 7th sem EC-703 TV and Radar Engineering Syllabus RGTU/RGPV 7th semester Syllabus

RGTU/RGPV EC-703 TV and Radar Engineering Syllabus

RGTU/RGPV TV and Radar Engineering SYLLABUS

Electronics and Communication Engineering EC 7th Semester Syllabus

  Course Content:

Unit I : Basic Television System
Introduction: Scanning principles: sound and picture transmission, scanning process, camera pick-up devices, video signal, transmission and reception of video signals, brightness perception and photometric quantities, aspect ratio and rectangular scanning, persistence of vision and flicker, vertical resolution, the Kell factor, horizontal resolution and video bandwidth, interlaced scanning.
Composite Video Signal: Lines and scanning, video signal components, horizontal sync and blanking standards, vertical sync and blanking standards, video modulation and vestigial side band signal, sound modulation and inter-carrier system.
Television Standards: Standard channel characteristics, reception of the vestigial side band signals, television broadcast channel, consolidated CCIR system-B standard, various television broadcast systems.
Television Pick-up devices and Cameras: Camera lenses, auto-focus systems, television camera pick-ups, Silicon Vidicon, CCD image sensors, video processing of camera pick-up signal.

Unit II : Colour Television
Colour fundamentals: mixing of colours and colour perception, chromaticity diagram, colour television camera, colour TV signals and transmission, NTSC, SECAM and PAL system, Trinitron picture tube, automatic degaussing, plasma, LCD displays.
Television transmission and reception: requirement of TV broadcast transmission, design principle of TV transmitters, IF modulation, power output stages, block diagram of TV transmitter, co-channel interference and ghost images during propagation of television signals, antenna requirements for television system, block schematic and function requirements for television receivers, trends in circuit
design, colour television receiver.

Unit III : Digital Television Technology
Merits of digital technology, fully digital television system, digital television signals, digitized video parameters, digital video hardware, transmission of digital TV signals, bit rate reduction, digital TV receivers, video processor unit, audio processor unit.
Other television systems: Closed Circuit television system (CCTV), Cable television system (CATV), multiplexed analog component encoding television system (MAC TV), High definition television system (HDTV), High definition multiplexed analog component television (HD-MAC TV), High Performance Computer Controlled TV (HPCC TV), 3-D stereoscopic television techniques..

Unit IV : RADAR
The Radar range equation, block diagram and operation, performance factors: prediction of range performance, minimum detectable signal, receiver noise, probability density functions, signal to noise ratios. Radar cross section of targets, transmitter power, pulse repetition frequency and range ambiguities, antenna parameters.
The CW radar: the Doppler effect, FM-CW radar.
The Moving Target Indicator (MTI) Radar: delay line cancellers.

Unit V : Radar Receivers
The radar receiver, noise figure, mixers, low noise front ends, displays- type A and PPI representations, duplexer and receiver  protectors.
Other Radar systems: Synthetic aperture radar, HF over the horizon radar, Air Surveillance Radar (ASR), Bistatic radar.

References:
1. M. Dhake: Television and Video Engineering, 2nd Edition,TMH, New Delhi.
2. M. I. Skolnik: Introduction to Radar Systems, TMH, New Delhi.
3. R. G. Gupta: Television Engineering and Video Systems, TMH, New Delhi.
4. R. R. Gulati: Monochrome and Colour Television, New Age International.
5. Grob and Herndon: Basic Television and Video Systems, McGraw Hill International.
6. P. Z. Peebles, Jr.: Radar Principles, Wiley India Pvt. LTD.
7. Edde: Radar- Principles, Technology Applications, Pearson Education.
w.e.f academic session July 2010 Page 7 of 22

List of Experiments:
Section A: Television Engg.
1. (a) To Study the Circuit Description of RF Tuner Section.
(b) To Study the RF Section by Measuring Voltages at Various Test Points.
(c ) To Study the Fault Simulation and Step-by-Step Fault Finding Procedure for RF Section.
2. (a) To Study the Circuit Description of VIF Tuner Section.
(b) To Study the VIF Section by Measuring Voltages at Various Test Points.
(c ) To Study the Fault Simulation and Step-by-Step Fault Finding Procedure for VIF Section.
3. (a) To Study the Circuit Description of Video and Chroma Section Tuner Section.
(b) To Study the Video and Chroma Section by Measuring Voltages at Various Test Points
(c ) To Study the Fault Simulation and Step-by-Step Fault Finding Procedure for Video and Chroma Section.
4. (a) To Observe the Horizontal Oscillator and Horizontal Output Section through Various Test Point.
(b) To Study the Fault Simulation and Step-by-Step Fault Finding Procedure for Horizontal Oscillator and Horizontal Output
Section.
5. (a) To Observe the Vertical Oscillator and Vertical Output Section through Various Test Point.
(b) To Study the Fault Simulation and Step-by-Step Fault Finding Procedure for Vertical Oscillator and Vertical Output Section.
6. To Study the Fault Simulation and Step-by-Step Fault Finding Procedure for Sound Output Section.
7. To Study the Circuit Description of Audio and Video Section Tuner Section.
8. (a) To Study the System Control Section by Measuring Voltages at Various Test Points.
(b) To Study the Fault Simulation and Step-by-Step Fault Finding Procedure for System Control Section.

Section B: RADAR
1. Study of Doppler Effect.
2. To Measure Speed of a fan and various Other Objects (Pendulum, Tuning Fork, Plate etc.)
3. To Simulate the Variable Speed of Moving Objects using Velocity Simulator.

EC 7th sem EC-7101 Wireless Communications Syllabus RGTU/RGPV 7th semester Syllabus

RGTU/RGPV EC-7101 Wireless Communications Syllabus

RGTU/RGPV Wireless Communications SYLLABUS

Electronics and Communication Engineering EC 7th Semester Syllabus

  EC-7101 Wireless Communications Course Content:

 Unit-I : Introduction
Applications and requirements of wireless services: history, types of services, requirements for the services, economic and social aspects. Technical challenges in wireless communications: multipath propagation, spectrum limitations, limited energy, user mobility, noise and interference-limited systems.
Propagation mechanism: free space loss, reflection and transmission, diffraction, scattering by rough surfaces, waveguiding.

Unit-II : Wireless Propagation channels
Statistical description of the wireless channel: time invariant and variant two path models, small-scale fading with and without a dominant component, Doppler spectra, temporal dependence of fading, large scale fading.
Wideband and directional channel characteristics: causes of delay dispersion, system theoretic description of wireless channels, WSSUS model, condensed parameters, ultrawideband channels, directional description.

Unit-III
Channel models: Narrowband, wideband and directional models, deterministic channel-modelling methods.
Channel sounding: Introduction, time domain measurements, frequency domain analysis, modified measurement methods, directionally resolved measurements.
Antennas: Introduction, antennas for mobile stations, antennas for base stations.

Unit-IV
Transceivers and signal processing: Structure of a wireless communication link: transceiver block structure, simplified models. Modulation formats, demodulator structure, error probability in AWGN channels, error probability in flat-fading channels, error probability in delay and frequency-dispersive fading channels.

Unit V
Diversity: Introduction, microdiversity, macrodiversity and simulcast, combination of signals, error probability in fading channels with diversity reception, transmit diversity.
Equalizers: Introduction, linear equalizers, decision feedback equalizers, maximum likelihood sequence estimation (Viterbi detector), comparison of equalizer structures, fractional spaced equalizers, blind equalizers.

References:
1. A. F. Molisch: Wireless Communications, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.
2. Taub and Schilling: Principles of Communication Systems, TMH.
3. Upena Dalal: Wireless Communication, Oxford University Press.
4. T. G. Palanivelu and R. Nakkereeran : Wireless and Mobile Communication, PHI Learning.
5. P. M. Chidambara Nathan: Wireless Communication, PHI Learning.

EC 7th sem EC-7102 Digital Image Processing Syllabus RGTU/RGPV 7th semester Syllabus

RGTU/RGPV EC-7102 Digital Image Processing Syllabus

RGTU/RGPV Digital Image Processing SYLLABUS

Electronics and Communication Engineering EC 7th Semester Syllabus

  EC-7102 Digital Image Processing Course Content:

 Unit-I : Digital Image Processing (DIP)
Introduction, examples of fields that use DIP, fundamental Steps in DIP, components of an image processing System.
Digital Image Fundamentals: elements of visual perception, image sensing and acquisition, image sampling and quantization, basic relationships between pixels.

Unit-II : Image Transforms
Two-dimensional (2-D) impulse and its shifting properties, 2-D continuous Fourier Transform pair, 2-D sampling and sampling theorem,  2-D Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), properties of 2-D DFT.
Other transforms and their properties: Cosine transform, Sine transform, Walsh transform, Hadamard transform, Haar transform, Slant transform, KL transform.

Unit-III : Image Enhancement
Spatial domain methods: basic intensity transformation functions, fundamentals of spatial filtering, smoothing spatial filters (linear and non-linear), sharpening spatial filters (unsharp masking and highboost filters), combined spatial enhancement method.
Frequency domain methods: basics of filtering in frequency domain, image smoothing filters (Butterworth and Guassian low pass filters), image sharpening filters (Butterworth and Guassian high pass filters), selective filtering.

Unit-IV : Image Restoration
Image degradation/restoration, noise models, restoration by spatial filtering, noise reduction by frequency domain filtering, linear position invariant degradations, estimation of degradation function, inverse filtering, Wiener filtering, image reconstruction from projection.

Unit-V : Image Compression
Fundamentals of data compression: basic compression methods: Huffman coding, Golomb coding, LZW coding, Run-Length coding, Symbol based coding. Digital Image Watermarking, Representation and Description- minimum perimeter polygons algorithm (MPP).

References:
1. R. C. Gonzalez and R. E. Woods: Digital Image Processing, 3rd Edition, Pearson Education.
2. A. K. Jain: Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing, PHI Learning.
3. S. Annadurai and R. Shanmugalakshmi: Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing, Pearson Education.
4. M. Sonka, V. Hlavac and R. Boyle: Digital Image Processing and Computer Vision: Cengage Learning.
5. B. Chanda and D. D. Majumder: Digital Image Processing and Analysis, PHI Learning.
6. S. Jayaraman, S. Esakkirajan and T. Veerakumar: Digital Image Processing, TMH.